Happy Holidays, Everyone!

Hello there! Sam, here. I intended to do some brilliant research on December holiday cuisines for my blogpost tonight, but with all the hectic preparations for tomorrow at my house, I just ran out of time. I might pop up and post about it next week, though!

Instead, I'd like to briefly talk about two of the most prominent figures internationally during this month: the nativity and the menorah.

It's common knowledge that through missionary work and colonialism, Christianity has become a globally adopted religion, influencing cultures worldwide. I'd like to mention that cultures also influence religion in subtle ways, and discuss nativity sets as an example. Every few years around Christmastime, my family takes a trip to the Washington DC temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There, we see the International Creche Exhibit, which displays nativities from over 100 different nations

Needless to say, not every country in the world puts a blonde, pasty white baby in a pile of straw, as is common in America. Each country recreates the birth of Christ in its own, unique way. The beautifully crafted nativities reflect on the lifestyles and physical appearances of the people who live in that country. Here are some that I could find on the net:


(Source: here)
In this gorgeous nativity set from Peru, the style of dress, hair, and skin tones reflect Peruvian culture and way of life. The same is evident in the nativity picture below, from Guatemala.


(Source: here)

As religions globalize, cultures react by adopting new practices - like the celebration of Christmas - that they may not have done before.  At the same time, cultures have individual influences in their practice of religion, as evidenced by the diverse representations of the birth of Christ. (If you'd like to see all 100 nativities and observe further, here's a pretty fast paced picture summary! Nativity Slideshow)

Of course, I can't leave out another key element of December celebrations - the menorah, during Hannukah! I grew up Christian, so I've pretty much got the nativity thing down. If you're Jewish and reading this, please let me know in the comments if I fumble anything about menorahs.

This lighting of a menorah in Wisconsin reflects the American enthusiasm for the Lego:
(Although Lego was founded in Denmark, the US accounts for over a third of its sales)




In Thailand, elephants sometimes get involved. That sure does not happen in Wisconsin.

(Both menorah photographs are from the collection of them here. They're all beautiful, and I recommend looking through!)

Overall, as people around the world celebrate religious traditions, they do so in a way that reflects their own culture and background. Nativities and menorahs come on display in the United States, Peru, Thailand, and more, but in each nation, they look a little different.

I know this is a blog about globalization, which often correlates to a growing sense of uniformity throughout our world. Tonight, since we're on winter break at Vanderbilt and I feel less responsible for sticking 100% to the theme thus far, I wanted to take a step back and recognize that globalization is a two-way street. Ideas and practices constantly spread into new regions in today's world. Christmas, nativities, and menorahs are examples of that. At the same time, however, local cultures influence globalized practices and beliefs, as evidenced by the numerous differences in creche and menorah styles.

Billy Elliot in English and Korean

Hey! This is Linda! This past May I took 'Theatre in London', when my class watched 15 plays over 3 weeks with our professor. We saw 2 musicals, one of my favorites is Billy Elliot.
BILLY ELLIOT!
OY DANCER BOY!
It is an amazing musical. The kids were amazing in singing, dancing and acting. The Billy we saw totally grasped everyone's heart during his solo performances, whether he was singing, ballet, or tap. He was vibrant with energy and power and moved everyone to tears.
But, I'm not going to write a review here.
I'm making a sort of comparison between the Billy Elliot in English and the Billy Elliot in Korean. Korea did their version of Billy Elliot in Korean with all Korean cast and they incorporated some Korean dancing into Billy's dance.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYQHB3rJHkc
...
and this is the English one, with one of the older Billies.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nij6ZSAiOI8
So I think that the difference is that the Korean Billies have more solid dancing skills. Their dancing look more practiced and powerful. Maybe this is due to the longer rehearsal time for the Korean Billies and the more emphasis on techniques. Not that the British Billies aren't good! They are good! Awesome! But it's just a little difference I've noticed.
Have fun listening to more Billy Elliot songs!

Pasta, pasta!

Hello, there! This is Sam the Food Enthusiast writing. My family (pretty large to begin with) had guests over tonight, and we ate a huge, delicious meal of pasta. Which served as perfectly timed inspiration for a blog post!

As far as written history can tell, the Chinese developed the beloved, carbohydrate-rich cuisine of pasta before any other civilization. Historians and food enthusiasts alike debate whether my ancestral Italy developed pasta independently, or as a reaction to Marco Polo's return from Asia. Regardless, the globalization of pasta is undeniable. Let's start from the beginning.

If you handed a box of this to the average American, he or she would think of Asia, right?



The typical American will see this, and think of Italy, no?


Pasta has strong roots in both of those cultures. There's no denying it. They're not the only nations to make pasta their own, however. What country of origin do you think of when you see this?


As I write, I expect the reader to think of the United States. If you didn't, good for you. Good ol' mac&cheese technically goes all the way back to medevil Italian cookbooks. The image above, however, is Kraft macaroni and cheese.  Kraft - an American company founded in 1903, which began marketing macaroni and cheese in 1937 - made over 645 million dollars from sales of their classic blue box in 2010. Culturally, it's considered a college student staple in Canada (like Ramen in the US).

Mac&cheese may be the brainchild of Italian cooks, but foreign companies have globalized the dish, leading to North Americans and Europeans eating hundreds of millions of dollars worth each year.

Here's a final instance of Pasta Gone Global. Any idea what this is?

It's Noodle Kugel, a classic Jewish dish originating in Germany. This method of preparation is unique, and sweeter than most Chinese and Italian recipes. Macaroni and cheese is a prime example of global food adoption. Noodle Kugel is towards other side of the food globalization spectrum: adaptation. Instead of adopting pasta dishes from Italy or China, the Jewish community in Germany adapted pasta. They kept the core ingredient, but cooked it with their own individual culture.

On the whole, pasta has transformed into a global food staple. According to the International Pasta Organization, 27 of the world's nations have citizens who, on average, eat at least 5 pounds of pasta a year. The United States' average is 8.8 lbs. That's higher than butter and peanuts, and almost twice the intake of chocolate.

All of this is very interesting. A quirky flour-water combination, after thousands of years of isolation in China, spread/developed in a rather petite European country during the 13th century. At that time, it was know to those two regions only. In a few hundred years, however, the recipe became a world favorite. Well done, pasta.

What does this mean for our world? For you? For me? As far as I'm concerned, it means that food is a Great Connector. Tonight, I talked about pasta. A different night, I could talk about chocolate, or sausage, or pancakes. Economically, as we saw in the Kraft example, food can jump into a whole new country and start up a multi-million dollar industry. Culturally, a food, like pasta, can spread into different areas and take on whole new forms, like the Kugel I'll be making in the upcoming weeks. Food connects different culture and economies. It makes our Earth an ever more tightly knit - and delicious - place.

Thank you kindly for reading! I hope you check in again next week and see what we can share with you. :)


General pasta facts: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasta#History and http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445929/pasta
General macaroni and cheese facts: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_and_cheese
Kraft data: http://www.journaltimes.com/lifestyles/food-and-cooking/article_8302939e-bdfe-11df-860d-001cc4c03286.html
IPO Statistics: http://www.internationalpasta.org/index.php?cat=22&item=7&lang=2
US Average Intakes Per Capita: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/AgOutlook/AOTables/CurrentTables/AoTables.pdf
Noodle Kugel (picture, plus a recipe!): http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/food-network-kitchens/noodle-kugel-recipe/index.html
Italian Pasta: http://www.bestourism.com/items/di/1068?title=Italy&b=209
Chinese Egg Noodles With Smokes Duck (picture and recipe!): http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/photo/Chinese-Egg-Noodles-with-Smoked-Duck-and-Snow-Peas-354302
Mac and Cheese: http://mikeythegnarly.wordpress.com/category/munchies/

Globalization Today and the USSR Yesterday

Cześć wszysty! This is Nell, and I'm still in Poland! Therefore, I'd like to focus this blog post on globalization today (in Central/Eastern Europe, specifically Poland). After all, I am experiencing it firsthand! Although, I will certainly try to include certain historical aspects from the USSR's impact on Eastern Europe.

Let's start with obvious examples of globalization today, and I'll focus this blog post on business. Many of America's typical business ideologies are slowly but certainly coming into this country. I was talking to a family friend just last night, and she mentioned how at one point, there were far more of the family-owned-like businesses just a few years ago. Now, however, all sorts of grocery super stores are opening left and right. There are Biedronka's, Lidl's, Kefirek's, Polo Market's, Carrefour's, and many others. Unfortunately, it's far easier to go to one super store and get all of your groceries as opposed to going from a butcher, to a bakery, to a fruit stand, and so on and so forth. Instead, at a super store, you go in, sometimes, if you're lucky, you run into someone willing to help you, and then you leave. Smaller businesses don't have the means to compete with these sort of stores if people lose the willingness to go through the various stores. Aside from that, I have seen a few American fast food chains, such as the obvious McDonald's, the somewhat surprising KFC's, and even a Burger King. Let me say, though, it's quite interesting how each chain adapts to it's local conditions. Let's look at the McDonald's in Krakow's square. You don't use cars to get around in the square; you walk. Therefore, the McDonald's has adapted by creating what I have dubbed a "walk-by" as opposed to a "drive-thru."

Now onto the lasting impacts from the USSR! I actually have a lot of prime examples of this from my stay here and through discussion with people, so it's a bit hard to just pick one specific point right now. But, I'll start with the religious impact. Religion and Communism do not mix. Therefore, all the countries under the Soviet sphere were often pressured to completely abandon their religion. Each country reacted differently to these pressures. Many of the Germans in my class have mentioned the difference between West and East Germany. In West Germany, many old Christian traditions and holidays have held through, and many topics are still taboo to discuss. However, East Germany has lost many of its Christian ties and have begun to recognize more secular holidays as opposed to the Catholic ones. In Poland, Russia had many troubles trying to restrict religion. For example, in the city of Nowa Huta (I will discuss this in more detail at a later time), the citizens placed a wooden cross in the middle of the city after much struggle with the government. Three years after this placement, the government tore it down, and the town rioted. In response, the government permitted the city to fund the building of a church. The architect in charge of this project designed a church in the structure of an ark, and he made the cross at the top of the building the foundational support for the entire building to prevent the Soviets from destroying the cross yet again. Here you see the absolute will power to ensure that the Communist regime would not shake their faith. Although, the Communists did partially succeed in hurting their faith. Here's an example of why: when Pope John Paul the II visited Poland, many many people came to listen to him. However, when he visited Ireland, the number of attendees was double that in Poland. Therefore, Communism certainly did have enough of an effect on religion in Poland.

Thanks for tuning in this week! :)

Deutschland ist Wunderbar!

Hey, it's Frances!

During the month of October, The Commons at Vanderbilt hosted "Do Deutsch," which consisted of  many events to celebrate and encourage people to learn about Germany. At one of the events, Dr. Hans- Ulrich von Schroeter, German Embassy, spoke about Multikulturellegesellschaft [Multicultural Society]  in Deutschland [Germany]. He described immigration in the New Germany, which happened after the Berlin Wall was destroyed.   He went into detail about the importance of integrating into new cultures when a person moves to a different country, or when a country divided becomes one, such as after the Berlin Mauerfall.  I agree that when you move to a different place, it is important to make an effort to become a part of the culture in order to broaden your view of the world, allow for different experiences and possibly even change your perspective on a certain idea. I think one great way to taste a bit of a culture is to try out the different regionally specific foods that are there, since cultural foods tend to vary widely within certain areas, and I really love food. For example,I have been told that the best tasting Döner Kebabs are made  in Germany, but the food item is actually Turkish. I had never heard of  Döner Kebabs until I started learning about the German culture. When I visit Deutschland, it will be one of the first foods I will taste. However, this may not turn out well since I had a bit of a hard time transitioning into the different taste of foods when I migrated to the United States over 12 years ago. Thankfully with time, this taste bud shock diminishes, and you get used to the types of food available in a certain region. 

Trade and Globalization

Hello all. I am Xaralambos, And I will be your blog author for this week.

Over the next few months, I will be attempting to analyze the globalization of trade. Globalization describes how many different cultures interact with each other. One of the myriad of ways they interact is through trade. One culture trades goods with another culture, and through that interaction the two cultures are irreversibly changed. I will start by examining the effects of trade between ancient societies, such as the ancient Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians, and Egyptians. Following that, I will continue by analyzing the trade routes between peoples, and the changes in said people's culture as they continued to trade and grow. After this I will examine more modern trade routes and the phenomena that occurred as a result between more modern societies, and analyze the similarities between said phenomena and the phenomena that occured when the ancient societies encountered similar circumstances. Using the similarities observed, and the differences in reactions under similar circumstances, I hope to observe and, maybe not predict, but note similarities between current events concerning global trade and globalization. 

 Alright, That's All for tonight. I apologise for the skeletal post, but I do intend to expand on this pitiful post later in the week, after the tests have had their way with me. Hopefully this bottle of wine will help sway them.

This is Xaralambos, Signing off.

The Globalization of Morality

Hello, this is Patrick.
In preparation for my blog post, I began a conversation with the other members of my Mayfield on my proposed topic. It ended up becoming a lengthy debate on the subject of morality in cultures around the world. My topic promptly changed.
The debate revolved around the question of whether morality is innate or learned from society. Whatever one's opinion may be on the subject, anthropology and world history provide a valuable insight into the moral concepts of various people groups throughout time. From the human sacrifices of the Mayans, to the Bacchanalia of the Romans, to the child sacrifice of ancient Canaanite peoples, to the rigid doctrine of the Puritans, to today's postmodernist relative morality, it is safe to say that humanity has failed to come to a consensus on right and wrong or if they exist in the first place. The following discussion will not answer the question but will perhaps shed some light on the subject.
My first statement here is that morality is not part of a human's basic instinct. We do not instinctively do good or evil; we have free will, but with an additional mental construct of what is good and what is evil. If good were an instinct we would not have the option of evil, and vice-versa. As it is, we have instincts as well as an ability to choose between instincts that are often brought into competition.
From here I will assume that certain moral ideas are common to all humans. Principles such as the preservation of one's own species, preservation of one's own life, the valuing of loved ones, etc. are not reasoned out, they are inherent in everyone who has ever lived. When Buddha came along and presented the Seven-Fold Path, he was not introducing a radical new framework of morality but merely elucidating the ideas that people already have. Jesus Christ taught about loving your neighbor as yourself but this wasn't an original idea. People had been loving others for millennia, simply because they felt that it was right. These great teachers showed people how to more effectively carry out the principles they had already known. Question: What about cultures of headhunting or human sacrifice?
In these cultures, the idea of loving your neighbor looked very different from the concept that western civilization has, but they still esteemed members of their own tribe and hunted down the enemy peoples for the purpose of eating them or sacrificing them. Jesus' teaching of loving your enemies was a new one.
I will also state that since morality is not an instinct or a drive, it can be overridden by other desires. This may seem obvious, but it has implications. Of course our desires for selfish gain can overpower our desire to do what is good. What I am saying is that each culture takes the integrity of its moral code upon itself over time. Each culture can shift its focus from monogamy to polygamy, perhaps based upon the lust of its men for more women. Here, the self is overriding the moral tendencies. Cultural deviations from what might be considered "standard moral practices" occur over time as its leaders make good or bad decisions that may or may not be influenced by their selfish desires. Tribal religions can cause new moral rules that are spawned because of one man's desire to rule over his peers through the influence of a supposed deity. This then leads to other practices such as child sacrifices or orgies or whatever one sees in historical cultures. This is the case of people interpreting innate moral concepts in various ways throughout time.

How does this apply to the 21st century? Is there a case to be made for morally equivalent cultures? Hitler has to be mentioned at least once in any blog. I'll go ahead and say that his culture was morally inferior to ours. However, on what basis do we condemn the evil of other cultures? Our moral concepts were shaped over time as people made decisions about moral interpretations of certain logical principles. I think it is important to find principles in this and decide what really is right and what really is wrong. What ideas are innate to everyone? How does rationality enter the picture? Relativism only hurts the cause by taking away any basis for judging other cultures. When one can't judge other cultures, one loses the ability to judge individuals, and thus a justice system becomes impossible. I don't have an answer here, but someone should do something soon. Morality is arguably the most important issue confronting humanity today and pushing it to the side with relativism and situational ethics will not help.





     

Information Technology directly affects Globalization

Hey everyone! It's Jose.


Well, I'm attempting to study technology and globalization. So, we shall begin with a quote: "In nearly every corner of the world, from Mumbai to Madrid, one cannot enter a café or walk down the street without seeing someone talking, texting, or surfing the Internet on their cell phones, laptops or tablet PCs. Information Technology (IT) has become ubiquitous and is changing every aspect of how people live their lives." 

Technology shapes the way we live our lives, whether we want it to or not. The people around us are glued to their phones, iPads and even laptops. But this isn't just a localized phenomena, it's everywhere. "Information Technology (IT) is a driving factor in the process of globalization. ... These advances have facilitated efficiency gains in all sectors of the economy." So, pretty much globalization is affected and maybe even directed by information technology. Pretty cool eh? 

Cultural property in the 21st century

European colonization of Africa and Asia peaked on the eve of World War I and subsequently began to decline. This decline accelerated rapidly after the end of World War II, and today, most people in the world live free from colonial rule.

However, the Western world has been slower to accept fully the cultural autonomy of many former colonies in Africa and Asia. Consider the fact that Egypt has attempted (unsuccessfully) to recover a limestone bust of Queen Nefertiti from a German museum since 1925 (see http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-24/egypt-demands-return-of-3-400-year-old-queen-nefertiti-bust-from-germany.html). In effect, such attempts to recover antiquities are manifestations of a cutlure's desire to preserve its own heritage.

However, in some cases, a former colony's right to cultural property might be contested with some legitimacy: for instance, consider the fact that the Rosetta stone has been a popular fixture of the British Museum for over two centuries. Moreover, the very concept of cultural property is complicated by the fact that the earth's entire population is being viewed increasingly as one community (consider the implications of UNESCO's "World Heritage Site" designation).

Thus, while it remains a fact that many foreign artifacts found in Western museums were acquired by unsavory techniques, the issue of the return of cultural property is not easily solved.

In any case, the idea that a museum's purpose is to exhibit foreign curiosities for entertainment must be discarded. As shown by the very existence of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities (mentioned in the article above), many cultures place great importance on their products of their heritage. The least that Western museums can do is to respect that heritage.

Nutella is Now American

Hi guys, it’s Rachael! So, I just got back from an Ultimate Frisbee tournament at Notre Dame University, where the lovely people who organized the tournament provided our team with food: bananas, bagels, peanut butter, and… Nutella!!! If you don’t know what Nutella is, it is an absolutely delicious chocolatey hazelnut spread that has recently become increasingly popular in the United States. Every girl on the team got ridiculously excited about the presence of Nutella, and it made me think about the first time I ever heard of it. When I was in France for a few weeks about three years ago, I saw this tasty delight everywhere, because it is a staple, household thing over in Europe. The French family I was staying with had Nutella toast every morning for breakfast, and there were little packets of Nutella with the jelly packets at continental breakfasts at hotels: basically, it was everywhere. In the three years since I have come back to the U.S., Nutella has started to make an impression over here too, and may one day be the staple that it is in Europe.

According to http://www.nutellausa.com/history.htm, Nutella originated in Italy during WWII as a cheap alternative to chocolate, which was rationed during the war. The spread of this tasty treat from its origins in Italy, then to the rest of Europe, and now to the U.S. made me think about globalization in terms of the foods we eat. In matters other than food, some people have equated globalization with Americanization because of the huge influence American culture has around the world. This is by no means true, because there is a lot more to globalization than that. The food situation in America is in direct contradiction to this idea. Think about it: when you are deciding where to go out to dinner, the first thing you ask is, are you in the mood for Mexican, Italian, Chinese, Indian, Thai, etc. The variety of food in the U.S. largely comes from different countries and their styles of food. What is American food, anyways, other than hamburgers and hotdogs? We would not enjoy the richness of variety in food that we enjoy in America if we didn’t eat a lot of food from cultures other than out own, and I would argue that American food is really just a combination of all these other types of food. This is the global nature of the world at its finest. Then again, I might be biased because I love Nutella and French bread so much.

On a completely unrelated note…

Speaking of chocolate, here is a nice recipe I found the other day: 5 minute microwavable cake. Great for college students like me because of its simplicity, this cake actually tastes pretty good! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow5n1NvS0f8&feature=related

Enjoy!

So, this is what Frances told me that had happened to her at the Student Organization Fair last month.
At the 'Dores to China' booth--
Frances: So is this org only for Chinese students?
Person in Charge: Yes.

THAT, IS NOT TRUE!

Okay, Dores to China is service organization founded 2 years ago that aims at connecting families that have adopted kids from China to Chinese students at Vanderbilt. In this way, the kids can be introduced to their heritage, maintain close ties with their native country and build a unique cultural identity. Most of the children we are working with are in kindergarten or pre-school. We organize events throughout the year to involve kids and parents in games so they can have fun while learning more about China.
We do try to draw as many Chinese students as possible to the group to serve as a source of information to the families. But the group is definitely not exclusive!
We would like to get as many people involved as possible. Basically, anyone interested in the well-being of children is welcome! And this year, I expect to see a very diverse group of students involved. Hint: all the bloggers here!
This year, i happen to be one of the event coordinators of this group. Coming up next Sunday 2nd Oct. is our first event of the year-- Chinese National Day celebration! (Because our national day is the 1st of Oct) Our theme this year is the unity of all ethnic groups in China.
We're doing a mini drama introducing the 56 ethnic groups in China. Well, not all of them. And then we'll show videos of Chinese children's songs related to different ethnic groups. After that, we'll have a fun fair with several game booths and snacks!
In late Octobor we'll have our annual event with free homemade chinese cuisine! We're cooking noodles with bean curd sauce and vegetables, a traditional Beijing food.
In November, we're holding a talka and inviting a professor in Peabody College of Vanderbilt Univeristy to share her experience in raising children adopted from China. It's gonna be very informative for parents and families who have adopted and who are planning on adopting children.
So, that's about it. See you all at the fun fair next weekend!

Hey,

It's John here.  I figured I'd start today's post by explaining a little more about myself, and particularly what my studies entail and how I intend to contribute to this project.  If you’re not particularly interested in this, by all means skip down a few paragraphs to where I elaborate on the process of religious conversion in Mexico after the Spanish Conquest.

     From ages 4-9, I was convinced I would become a paleontologist.  On career days, I’d draw a picture of myself in typical dig clothes (in the fashion of Michael Crichton’s Alan Grant), standing over a giant hole with a dinosaur skeleton at the bottom.  Most of the vacations I remember from my childhood involve my parents indulging me by taking me to dinosaur sites across the U.S. and Canada.  We even bought t-shirts in multiple sizes from the Royal Tyrrell dinosaur museum in Alberta so we wouldn’t have to go back every time I grew larger.  I wore a T-rex shirt purchased ten years ago to my first Mayan Archaeology class this year.

     But these plans all changed when my family took me to Mexico for the first time.  We flew into Cancun, a city that most Americans never leave when they visit Mexico.  My parents, however, much preferred renting a car and traveling up and down the Yucatan peninsula, getting off the highway every time a sign appeared which said “Las Ruinas.”  Because of this, my first experience in Mexico involved very little time at the beach, but tons of time spent wandering around the ruins of Uxmal, climbing the then accessible “Piramide del Castillo” in Chichen Itza, and attempting to photograph every single lizard in the Yucatan Peninsula.  From then on, I’ve wanted to be an archaeologist, and nearly ten years later I’m here at Vanderbilt, majoring in Anthropology and Spanish.

     Along with Luke, I intend to study the effects of global conquest on both the conquering nations and those who are conquered.  Naturally, in this project I’m probably going to spend a lot of time dwelling on Mexico and Central America.  I’ve already taken an amazing writing seminar on the conquest of the Aztecs, and as I mentioned before, I’m currently studying Mayan civilization.  However, my research will also focus on more recent effects of conquest as well, such as the reign of Genghis Khan and the United States’ belief in manifest destiny.

Religious Conversion in Nahua Society

Today I thought I’d share some of my research on the process of religious conversion in Mexico after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec civilization.  One of the first questions worth considering when discussing conquered societies is whether or not their ideologies were challenged by the conquering parties.  In some cases, religious beliefs are allowed to remain intact as long as tribute is paid and the subjects submit to the will of their conquerors.  Unfortunately for the Aztecs, however, the entire Spanish conquest was performed under the pretense of serving the Lord’s will.  Once the conquistadores were through fighting indigenous armies, plundering cities, and overthrowing local leaders, Mexico became home to a number of Spanish missions, and the process of religious conversion was underway.

                However, even while under the rule of their Spanish conquerors, the Aztec proved remarkably adept at subtly resisting a complete conversion to Christianity.  Below are some examples of the difficulties of religious conversion in the new world:

1.  Difficulties in Translation

Before the Spaniards could hope to indoctrinate the Aztecs, they first needed to develop an understanding of the Aztec language, Nahuatl.  Unfortunately, the Spanish friars soon realized that Nahuatl lacks a number of key words in understanding Christian teachings, including “sin,” “virginity,” and a Christian version of “Hell.”  Aztec society did not focus on a battle between good and evil, but rather a balance of chaos and order.  This made the concept of immorality and sin very difficult for the Spaniards to explain to the conquered Aztecs.  Also, the Aztecs believed that the majority of people were destined to inhabit the underworld, with only people who died in very specific circumstances (drowning, lightning strike, death of a sexually pure warrior in battle, etc.) being allowed to enter a world similar to the Christian heaven.

2.  Assignment of Responsibilities in the Church

In order to make Christianity more appealing to the natives, the friars appointed certain Aztecs to various positions with the church.  Aztec priests were encouraged to study Christianity and retain their original positions (Aztec priests already practiced celibacy).  Aztecs were also appointed as fiscales, who managed many of the financial aspects of church organization.  Many Aztecs were more than willing to accept these positions, but their motives were not of a very Christian nature.  Corruption was common amongst the fiscales; families were excessively charged for funeral procedures, and children in catechism classes were sometimes asked to bring their residing fiscal maize.

3.  Aztec Assistance in the Translation of Religious Texts

Because the Spaniards had such a poor understanding of Nahua language, Aztecs who also knew Spanish were often enlisted to assist in the translation of various religious texts.  These Aztecs often managed to sneak subtle references to their old religious beliefs into these translations.  For example, one translator describing the conversion of Paul mentioned a man who “swept the roads that led to heaven.”  This is not included in the original text, and this is most likely a reference to the priestly duty of sweeping in the temples.  The Aztecs were also encouraged to write plays which focused on religious themes.  However, recent studies have uncovered subtle references to Aztec religious beliefs as well as outright mockery of the Spanish conquerors.

I have written more about this subject, and if this is something you are interested in, I encourage you to check out my full paper, which also includes some helpful references.  Louise Burkhart has some great writings about the Aztec plays.   The Process of Religious Conversion in Nahua Society

A Quick Foodie Thought

My grandmother and I have a lot in common. We're about the same height, and enjoy swapping stories about the people we love. Furthermore, we both love the kitchen, and tend to catch things on fire while cooking. What we're making when the stove top starts flaming, and where its recipe originated, however, are where we become rather different.

My grandmother's stash of recipes is primarily handwritten. Those recipes originate from women in her family line and very dear friends. The recipes are great, and largely American. Cookies, pot pie, casseroles, quickie pancakes, and similar classic American dishes abound. Similarly, there are a few Italian and British recipes, like lasagna and scones, passed down from the countries her parents and in-laws immigrated from. Overall, the recipes are delicious, but focus on American, Italian, and British food heritage.

I, on the other hand, am a very different case. When I was in middle school, my mother's recipe shelf was the grandest recipe library imaginable. A few years later, I discovered the internet. The world of food opened up to me. I'm no longer dependent on the wisdom of my ancestors or neighbors for whether to flip an omelet or not, or how to keep my pie crust from sticking. I don't have to trudge to the library to dig up a cookbook, which may or may not be there, from a different country if I've developed an interest in foreign food.  I can look up an easy sugar cookie recipe on an online recipe website that may have been posted by someone stateside, or in a different country. I can go to a cuban food blog to find an authentic recipe for tamales, something I guarantee has never been made in my grandmother's kitchen. When a friend of mine came home from spending two years in Argentina, she spent a lot of time on From Argentina, With Love, to make the food she missed eating. The popular epicurious.com has a segment dedicated to international food. Allrecipes.com's recipe of the day is Babka, a Polish bread.

Overall, time and technology make food preparation a more global experience. Whether it's making a classic you already love from an online recipe posted by someone in a foreign country, or easily satiating a curiosity about foreign foods via the internet, or even having those foreign dishes brightly advertised on your favorite recipe website, the Internet allows cooks all over the world to come together and share their craft.

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it. -George Santayana

Welcome to the Official “It’s a Small World: Globalization Through the Ages” Blog.  We intend, through a variety of mediums (blogposts, seminars, etc) to convey how various historical topics and trends are necessary for understanding phenomena as large as the Global Village we live in today, and our own private lives.

This blog will showcase our research, events, and day-to-day discoveries. As a group of ten eleven individuals, we’ll be combining our skills and interests to provide you with knowledge about historical trends and their worldwide tendencies.

Cast:
Samantha: This year, I’ll be joining forces with Rachael and studying the globalization of food. Yes, this is an excuse to eat. It’s also quenching my endless curiosity pertaining to where everything that I eat originates. I mean, who came up with the idea of pink lemonade? Why have all the cafes on campus started serving paninis instead of sandwiches? I need answers.
Rachael: I love cats. I love every kind of cat. I just want to hug all of them, but I can't! Can't hug every cat.
Linda: I'm from Hong Kong and I'd lived in Germany for a year when I was in kindergarten. I'm a child studies major and possibly double-majoring in special education. I love kids. I love every one of them. I just want to hug all of them, and I can!
Bryce:  I have trained for a year and a half in mixed martial arts and am the president of the Vanderbilt Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Club.  I will cover the expansion of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu from its origin in Judo martial arts taught in Japan to its international recognition.
Frances: I am a Child Development and Cognitive Studies Major. I am interested in learning how the brain works, and I love babies! Also, I am originally from Nairobi, Kenya but have lived in the U.S. since 1999. Hamsters are cool, too. I’m also a scorpio and enjoy long walks in the park ;) hehe
Patrick Eads: A math and computer science major (that is also very sensitive). I enjoy the analytical and philosophical sides of history as we study intellectual movements that resulted in world change. "What has been will be again, what has been done will be done again; there is nothing new under the sun." Ecclesiastes 1:9
Luke Miksanek: I'm currently an undecided major, but as a matter of fact, I'm leaning towards history or classical studies. I enjoy movies, junk food, and anything considered old-fashioned.
John Sims-Jones: I’m double majoring in anthropology and Spanish. Throughout the project I will be focusing on patterns of global conquest, with a special focus on the Spanish conquest of Mexico.
Jose Rodriguez: Hello, World. I'm Jose Rodriguez, and I'm studying Mechanical Engineering. I live in the Cave, and I ride a bike that has a human name.
Xaralambos Papadatos: Ξέρετε τι είσαστε; Ανόιτι. Εντάξη, δέν είσαστε, άλλα δέν θα σας αγγαλιάσω. Anyway, I'm Double majoring in Biomedical Engineering and Electrical engineering. An avid fan of Lovecraft, Valve, and lurking, I will be examining how trade has affected globalization, and what effect it may have in the future.
Nell: Dzień dobry i pozdrowienie z Polsce! I'm majoring in anthropology. I'm that crazy girl who decided to study abroad the minute I finished my first year, so I'm in Poland! Expect to see current examples of globalization from me, as well as some stuff on the USSR and its effects on the world, specifically Eastern Europe.